What it is
A chain of 15 amino acids. It was first described by researchers studying proteins in stomach juice, which is where the name "Body Protection Compound" comes from.
What has been studied
Almost all of it is in rats. A 2025 review from Case Western Reserve University counted 36 published studies and found 35 were in animals or lab dishes and 1 was in people, a look back at 12 patients [1]. A second human paper followed exactly two adults and tracked their blood tests [2]. The typical rat study cuts a tendon or a muscle and measures how the tissue looks and how much force it takes to pull apart afterwards [3].
It is on the banned list in tested sports, according to the same 2025 review.
What it is
A short, lab-made piece of thymosin beta-4, a protein found in nearly every cell in the body. Think of thymosin beta-4 as the whole book and TB-500 as one page copied out of it.
What has been studied
The study most sellers point to is a 1999 National Institutes of Health paper on skin wounds in rats [4]. It used the full protein, not the TB-500 piece. That difference gets skipped a lot. A 2026 rat study did test TB-500 itself, on cut Achilles tendons [5].
What it is
Three amino acids holding on to a copper atom. The copper is why the powder is blue. GHK occurs naturally in human blood, and you have probably seen "copper peptides" on the label of a skin cream.
What has been studied
Mostly cell and animal work, plus cosmetic skin-care products. The best-known summary is a 2018 review co-written by Loren Pickart, the scientist who first described GHK [6]. It is a useful map of the research, and it is worth knowing it was written by the person with the most history with the molecule.
What it is
Three amino acids (lysine, proline, valine). It is the tail-end piece of a hormone called alpha-MSH, cut down to its last three links.
What has been studied
The paper everyone cites is a 2008 Emory University study in mice [7]. KPV was given by mouth to mice whose colons had been chemically irritated, and the team measured markers of gut damage. It also showed how the gut takes KPV up: through a transporter called PepT1 that normally carries small protein pieces from food.